While many Australians will have never heard of them, they were trailblazers for women in law enforcement.
This year marks a significant milestone for women in policing: the 125th anniversary of the first official recognition of a police matron in Australia. However, women worked in this role for at least 50 years before receiving official recognition.
Known as ‘police matrons’, these women opened the door for other women to move into the police force as officers, yet their role is still unrecognised or dismissed as an extension of her husband’s policing duties.
While many Australians will have never heard of them, they were trailblazers for women in law enforcement.
The female touch in policing
During the Victorian era, it was considered inappropriate for men to touch a woman who was not their wife or an immediate family member.
This made men policing women (at least of certain social classes) difficult, particularly if they needed to search a female suspect. To get around this, police began to call on women to search arrestees for them.
Initially, these might have been whoever was nearby – a woman living near the police station, for example. But quickly it was recognised that a ‘female touch’ was also helpful for comforting lost children, talking to female victims of crime, and occasionally soothing an unruly male arrestee. Neighbourhood women were not viewed as entirely suited for these more complex roles, but the wives of police officers were.
Police matrons in the Victorian era searched female offenders, were responsible for lost or arrested children, kept watch over mentally unwell inmates, and occasionally allowed families facing violence at home to stay in the station.
In Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom, early police stations had both temporary holding cells (a lock-up) and a residence for a police officer. The officer living on site was frequently married – these women became police matrons.
Police matrons in the Victorian era searched female offenders, were responsible for lost or arrested children, kept watch over mentally unwell inmates, and occasionally allowed families facing violence at home to stay in the station.
They also performed tasks we would not generally associate with the work of a police officer. They cleaned and maintained the cells, mended clothes, and hosted clothing drives for the poor.
The police stations sometimes doubled as neighbourhood medical centres. These were all tasks that fell to the police matron. They fit within assumptions of the period regarding the natural, nurturing role of women.
Discrimination leading to innovation
Because these tasks were viewed as “naturally” women’s work, questions regarding compensation were skirted. For decades, these were not formal appointments. The matrons were not sworn in, they did not have access to a police pension, and they did not have any authority over male inmates (or male officers).
A few received a modest stipend based on the number of searches they conducted or if they performed an extended psychiatric watch. These matrons would be on-call 24 hours a day, and diaries kept by early matrons show the long hours they kept. Yet their activities were viewed as an extension of their husband’s role, not requiring separate pay.
These women did not go on patrol or have powers to arrest. But there is evidence that police matrons performed tasks that align with current approaches to policing.
For example, a key role of male police in the early Victorian era was to prevent crime by being out in the community: an officer’s presence alone would often deter offending. Police matrons rarely worked outside of the station, but they did get to know the needs of their community and tried to identify causes of crime.
We cannot go as far as claiming that police matrons started the movement towards problem-orientated policing. But we can recognise that they predated today’s ‘best practice in policing’ model by roughly 150 years.
They became advocates, trying to address what they saw as the root causes of crime: excessive consumption of alcohol leading to the violent breakdown of families. Matrons advocated for increased regulation of alcohol and for stations to provide sanctuary for domestic violence victims.
Today, these efforts would be understood as forms of problem-orientated policing: identifying a problem in a community and working with the community to devise solutions for the underlying causes of crime.
We cannot go as far as claiming that police matrons started the movement towards problem-orientated policing. But we can recognise that they predated today’s ‘best practice in policing’ model by roughly 150 years.
Though we know police matrons were working in this field in the mid-1800s, and gained a degree of official recognition in the 1890s, it was not until 1915 that the New South Wales Police Department advertised two positions for women police officers.
These two positions attracted nearly 500 applications. The first two female police officers in NSW were not allowed to wear a uniform and had to sign a waiver releasing the police department of any responsibility for their safety.
Their tasks were similar to police matrons – they were responsible for women and children that came in contact with the criminal justice system. It wasn’t until 1979 that female officers in Australia could carry a firearm, though they were required to keep it in their handbag.
Today, women make up over 30% of police in Australia and have reached the highest ranks as police commissioners. Although Australians may not know much about the early police matrons, it was they who, more than 100 years ago, paved the way for all this to happen.
This article first appeared on The Conversation, and is republished under a Creative Commons Licence; the original can be read here.
About the Author
Dr Alice Neikirk competed a PhD at the Australian National University and currently teaches criminology at the University of Newcastle. She is a co-founder of the Newcastle Migration Research Network, which brings academics, practitioners, students, and people with lived experiences as refugees together to co-create solutions for complex issues across the migration journey. She has published broadly on the experience of the Bhutanese refugees both in refugee camps and resettled in Australia. Currently, she is working on a research project with lawyers who provide publicly funded legal aid in Australia. In her spare time she enjoys learning about the history of women in relation to the criminal justice system.
Picture © State Library of South Australia
