Drugs legalisation/de-criminalisation

LONG READ: The use of naloxone by officers to reverse the effects of opioid overdoses is being trialled by several UK forces, having saved hundreds of lives in the US and Canada, and debates are ongoing in Australia and New Zealand – but not everyone believes it’s the best way forward; Policing Insight Contributing Editor Tina Orr Munro takes an in-depth look at the impact the medication can have, how and where it is being used, and the barriers to a wider roll-out.

OPINION: UK police forces are increasingly opting to divert people found in possession of small quantities of drugs away from the criminal justice system; drugs policing expert and social justice charity leader, Meg Jones, who led the development and implementation of pre-arrest drug diversion in the West Midlands, considers the impact of the changing approach, and what it means for the future of policing drugs.

INTERVIEW: In the latest in a series of interviews with leading figures involved in the research and investigation of organised crime, Policing Insight’s Chris Allen spoke to Josh Torrance, Lecturer and PhD Researcher at the University of Bristol, about heroin-assisted treatment, NCA technology, and £50bn of missing cash.

FEATURE: With many US cities and states facing continuing increases in opioid addiction and overdoses, Manchester Police Department in New Hampshire has launched a programme based on outreach and support rather than punishment; journalist Shawne Wickham of the New Hampshire Union Leader reports on the progress of the Community Response Unit’s efforts to prevent deaths and encourage addiction treatment.

INTERVIEW: In the latest in a series of interviews with leading figures involved in the research and investigation of organised crime, Policing Insight’s Chris Allen spoke to Dr Jack Spicer, a Criminology Lecturer at the University of the West of England, about county lines, cuckooing, and the importance of police and academics having “the difficult conversations at the start of a project”.

OPINION: Growing use of nitrous oxide among young people in the UK has led to the Home Secretary ordering a review of the harm it causes; but Associate Professor Ian Hamilton of the University of York, and Professor Harry Sumnall of Liverpool John Moores University, argue that with no evidence that additional control is needed, an over-stretched drug treatment system and worrying signs of increased use of more harmful substances, efforts to look ‘tough on drugs’ by targeting laughing gas may be counter-productive.

ANALYSIS: Police, politicians and the public have become accustomed to hearing and using the phrase ‘the war on drugs’, but it’s a battle based largely on punitive measures which is far from being won; Dr Matthew Bacon of the University of Sheffield interviewed a number of serving officers for his latest research on drugs policing, and found that for many, their experience in the job has changed their attitude towards criminalising drug users.

OPINION: A temporary law introduced in New Zealand last summer allowing buyers of drugs to have them independently checked without risking prosecution looks set to become permanent this year; if it does, Professor Alexander Gillespie of the University of Waikato believes it will make the citizens of New Zealand safer, and reflect a legislative trend towards harm reduction

FEATURE: As the UK continues to experience record numbers of drug-related deaths, some forces have turned increasingly to drug diversion schemes to tackle drug use, alongside the traditional prohibition deterrent; Thames Valley’s successful Drug Diversion Scheme breaches some of the ‘red line’ guidance on out of court disposals, but Chief Inspector Jason Kew believes the benefits to individuals and the wider community justify the approach.

ANALYSIS: The latest UN World Drug Report has highlighted that while the COVID-19 pandemic briefly interrupted the international drug trade, organised crime groups soon adapted to the new conditions, and the dark web continued to be a key marketplace for narcotics; in the first of two articles focusing on the report, Policing Insight’s Chris Allen looks at the expansion of the dark web, and the key drug trafficking trends.

OPINION: A private members bill is currently being considered in the Parliament of the Australian Capital Territory that could see the possession of many illicit drugs for personal use decriminalised; Professor Nicole Lee of the National Drug Research Institute at Curtin University, and RMIT University Lecturer Jarryd Bartle believe the move is a natural conclusion to decades of research on drug-related harms.

OPINION: The Misuse of Drugs Act came into effect half a century ago, and while society, policing, and attitudes to and availability of drugs has changed significantly over those 50 years, the law has not; with billions spent on attempting to tackle an issue that has increased substantially since 1971, policing commentator and former drugs policy lead Ben Twomey believes that both an honest public debate over drugs, and a review of the Act, are long overdue.

ANALYSIS: A new report on the global illicit economy and the activities of transnational organised crime groups has warned that the impact of the pandemic could see many criminal networks growing in power and influence; Policing Insight’s Chris Allen looks at the predicted trajectory for OCGs, as well as some of the steps that could be taken to halt them.

OPINION: With the debate around the legalisation of heroin back in the headlines, Professor Bill Bogart of the University of Windsor sets out the case for legalisation and strict regulation of all currently illegal narcotics, with decriminalisation as the first step towards resolving the failed war on drugs.

Opinion: The arrest of one of the world’s most wanted alleged drugs lords has sparked debate around strategies to best tackle organised crime and minimise the harm caused to communities; Dr John Coyne, Head of Strategic Policing and Law Enforcement Program at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, explains the need for a more nuanced approach, rather than simply decapitating OC groups.

OPINION: A consultation on Serious Violence Reduction Orders – the latest Government measure to tackle violent offences, particularly knife crime – recently finished, having prompted concerns from a number of criminal justice support organisations; police ethics adviser Montell Neufville believes that, if introduced, the new orders could have a damaging impact on community relations.

OPINION: Young people stopped by police while carrying drugs for personal use often swallow the substance to avoid additional charges, with potentially life-threatening consequences. Assistant Professor and Pediatric Emergency Physician Dr Kirstin Weerdenburg, and Kristyn Anderson, a Clinical Social Worker and PhD student, both of Dalhousie University, believe police discretion and decriminalisation are the way forward.

ANALYSIS: AUSTRALIA: A recent survey shows a growing number of Australians support the legalisation of cannabis, and almost three in five back the idea of pill testing; Jarryd Bartle, Sessional Lecturer at RMIT University, and Nicole Lee, Professor at the National Drug Research Institute at Curtin University, explore the survey results, and the potential lessons for policy makers.

OPINION: A report by the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police (CACP) backed the decriminalisation of drugs for personal use; Professor Bill Bogart explores whether the country is ready and willing to take that step.

ANALYSIS: In October 2018, Canada became the first G7 and G20 nation to regulate cannabis. Professor Bill Bogart of the University of Windsor discusses the recent report by Transform, the British think tank focused on the reform of drug laws, which argues that Canada’s programme to legalise and regulate cannabis has gone well.

INTERVIEW: In the second part of our interview with former CACP Executive Director Bill Moore, the veteran officer explores key issues including the role of the Chiefs’ Association, the legalisation of cannabis, and how analytics may have an important part to play in shaping the future of Canadian policing.

Opinion: A new report highlights that Australia’s illicit drug use is rising. Despite policymakers’ best efforts, the country needs to be honest and open to new ideas, says Dr John Coyne, Head of Strategic Policing and Law Enforcement Program at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI).

ANALYSIS : A new law passed in New Zealand promises to decriminalise drug use in favour of a public health approach. Prof. Max Abbott, Auckland University of Technology, argues that the move is a positive step towards addressing the real impact of drugs - so long as it doesn’t get lost in translation.

Opinion: CoPaCC Director Dr Steve Watts attends the National Policing Summit in Melbourne, Australia on behalf of Policing Insight and discovers that while good policing is the same the world over in protecting communities, Australia is taking an innovative approach to some familiar issues.