Global progressive policing
Analysis:

The transformation of policing in Northern Ireland may hold lessons for the United States

Laura Weinstein - Donald Beaudette

In the past twenty years, policing in Northern Ireland has transformed itself to become more representative of the communities it serves. Adjunct Professor at City University of New York Dr. Laura Weinstein and Assistant Professor at Emory University Dr. Donald Beaudette examine policing in Northern Ireland and the potential lessons for US police forces.

As citizens and officials across the U.S. consider whether and how to reform policing, they might look to Northern Ireland.

Over the past 20 years, a focused public and government effort has turned police from militarized violent guardians of an unequal society into an organization viewed in high regard by nearly 90% of the population.

As scholars of Irish politics and history, we think that the process of police reform in Northern Ireland offers valuable lessons that can be used in debates about policing in the U.S.

From the formation of the state of Northern Ireland in 1921, police operated amid intermittent violent political conflict between a Protestant majority and a Catholic minority, who suffered from institutionalised discrimination in housing, employment, voting rights and policing.

Starting in the late 1960s, a Catholic civil-rights movement began demanding greater equality between Catholics and Protestants. Though the people on both sides were all white, this movement was explicitly modeled on the Black civil-rights movement in the U.S. Northern Ireland’s police, the Royal Ulster Constabulary, violently repressed the civil rights demonstrations.

But after 30 years of conflict, a peace process took hold in Northern Ireland that included the massive task of reforming the police – a slow and at times painful project that has made major changes, though more challenges remain.

As scholars of Irish politics and history, we think that the process of police reform in Northern Ireland offers valuable lessons that can be used in debates about policing in the U.S.

The army takes the streets

The historic tensions between Catholics and Protestants came to a head in the summer of 1969 when protests became violent, with widespread rioting. As violence spread from Londonderry/Derry to Belfast, the Royal Ulster Constabulary contributed to some of the violence and in other cases stood idly by, failing “to prevent Protestant mobs from burning down Catholic houses,” as a government report put it.

Even before these incidents, the report found, “the Catholic minority no longer believed that the RUC was impartial.” As a result, much of the Catholic nationalist community saw the RUC as an occupying force, wearing helmets and bulletproof vests, carrying automatic weapons openly on the streets and driving around in armored vehicles.

The British Army was called in to “aid … the civil power” and bring calm to the streets of Northern Ireland, according to a government record of the decision. However, relations between the Army and the Catholic minority rapidly deteriorated, too.

In the ensuing 30 years of political violence, the RUC killed 44 Catholics and colluded with Protestant paramilitary groups to promote and incite further violence against Catholics.

Over the decades, the vast majority of the RUC members were Protestants. Those few Catholics who did join faced religious harassment and discrimination from their Protestant colleagues.

By 1998, on the eve of the Good Friday Agreement, a plan for a lasting peace in Northern Ireland, only about 8% of the RUC was CatholicPolice reform was a key feature of the peace process.

Recruiting a Catholic police force

The transformation of the RUC into what is now called the Police Service of Northern Ireland was not easy or simple. It began by setting the goal of creating a “police service capable of attracting and sustaining support from the community as a whole” that would be “representative of the society it polices.”

Today, much of the gap [in diversity] is closed: Nearly one-third of all PSNI officers are Catholic, though the overall Catholic community makes up 45% of Northern Ireland’s population

Leaders of the Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland, the body charged with making recommendations for reforming the RUC, wanted all of Northern Ireland’s people to see themselves and their communities reflected in the police force. The logic behind this linkage, according to the Commission’s official report, was that “if all communities see the police as their police, there will be a better, cooperative partnership between community and police, and therefore more effective policing.”

Very specifically, that meant getting more Catholics to join the police. That was itself a fraught process: In 2001, Gerry Adams, the leader of the nationalist Sinn Féin political party with close ties to the Irish Republican Army, a paramilitary group that used violence in an attempt to bring about Irish unity, threatened retribution against Catholics who were considering becoming police recruits.

Nevertheless, Catholics did begin to join. Today, much of the gap is closed: Nearly one-third of all PSNI officers are Catholic, though the overall Catholic community makes up 45% of Northern Ireland’s population.

This was achieved, in part, through a policy called “50-50 recruitment,” which aimed to replace retiring older Protestant officers with new Catholic recruits over the period of a decade. The policy was ended in 2011 after an official government review concluded that the PSNI was “broadly reflective of the community,” a decision that pleases some but not others.

Police reform and legitimacy

Boosting Catholics’ numbers in the officers’ ranks was not the only change the government made to police operations. A 2000 law changed the name and symbols of the police force – but as importantly, changed its management. The new Policing Board provides citizen oversight, with 10 of the 19 members chosen from Northern Ireland’s political parties in proportion to their representation in the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Policing Board also works to engage the community and oversees the PSNI’s compliance with human rights legislation.

The Good Friday Agreement set up a regional government with power shared between Catholics and Protestants, which Sinn Féin, the leading nationalist political party, rejoined in 2007 – finally agreeing to formally support the new police force.

With more Catholics in the police service and an endorsement from political leaders who had long resisted British rule, the Catholic community’s trust in police climbed.

The importance of a representative police force

The Northern Irish experience – and research elsewhere in the U.K. – indicates clearly that having more Blacks, as well as more people of Hispanic and Asian backgrounds, serve in the police could be an important part of a broader effort to address police racism in the U.S. In New York and Chicago, for instance, roughly one-third of the city’s residents are white, but more than half of the police are.

The process of healing the racial divide will likely take a long time. Even after more than 20 years, Northern Ireland still faces sectarian problems, with “peace walls” physically dividing Catholic neighborhoods from Protestant ones in some areas.

The regional government has been hampered by partisan disagreement – so much so that it most recently didn’t function at all from January 2017 through January 2020.

Yet there is progress toward a society in which Protestants and Catholics receive equal treatment under the law, and police reform has been a significant part of that change.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

About the authors

Dr. Laura A. Weinstein, Adjunct Professor in the Department of History, Queens College, City University of New York

Queens College Advisor Dr. Weinstein earned her PhD in Irish History from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She has worked as a historical consultant for a number of organizations, and she has taught a wide range of students at organizations including the Irish-American Heritage Center, the Newberry Library, UW-Madison, and several elite independent schools.Her research interests focus on issues of gender, crime, and nationalism on the island of Ireland. She has published articles in “Eire-Ireland,” a journal of Irish studies, and with the Washington Post’s series “Made By History.”

Dr. Donald Beaudette, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Oxford College, Emory University

Dr. Beaudette’s research explores the relationship between so-called civil policing, counterinsurgency and insurgent vigilantism in the context of civil war. He also maintains a general interest in the politics of ethnic conflict and is the co-author of several papers exploring the relationship between ethnic/linguistic segregation and electoral and policy outcomes in Europe. After completing his MA in Irish Politics at Queen’s University Belfast, Beaudette conducted his doctoral work at Emory University. He is currently working on a book manuscript based on the findings of his dissertation research. Prior to his appointment at Oxford, Dr. Beaudette worked as a consultant for the World Bank. He held a position as a Visiting Assistant Professor at Morehouse College (Atlanta, GA) for the 2013-14 academic year.


One Response to “The transformation of policing in Northern Ireland may hold lessons for the United States”

  1. davidbfpo says:

    Having seen policing at first-hand in a variety of American settings the problems facing police reform are VERY different from Northern Ireland. Watching American politics today its is hard to see any public or political consensus on police reform across all the states and there are thousands of separate police forces. Leaving aside President Trump.

    After decades of violence, with many signs of both exhaustion and the rejection of the use of violence – whatever its origin – there was an opportunity for peace. Even then it took several years to gain agreement, notably over acceptance of the PSNI, as the authors note from the 1998 Good Friday Agreement till 2007.

    Even today small minorities in both communities do not see the PSNI ‘as their police’. Indeed in the ‘Marching Season’ many Loyalists now see themselves as being on the receiving end of police violence.

    The PSNI has become a remarkable police service. In 2018 when neither the Northern Ireland assembly and executive were in being it was described as: ‘Far from adequate, it is however the one institution—despite the still hugely controversial nature of Northern Ireland’s decades of lead—still standing.’ From: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/left-should-think-more-carefully-before-defending-good-friday-agreement/

    Let us not forget 293 RUC officers were killed (271 by Republican groups – 17 by non-PIRA groups and 6 by Loyalists). From: https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/book/index.html

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