In 2020, calls to defund the police echoed a longstanding argument in critical criminology in favour of police abolition.
If police participate in designing studies and interpreting findings, they may more readily acknowledge the need for change in light of unfavourable results – or adopt new practices that show positive effects.
Academics who support abolition promote activism over collaboration. But as calls for “defund the police” pivot to “refund the police” in priority areas – in particular mental health, issues faced by marginalized people and intimate partner violence – police-researcher partnerships are needed more than ever.
When faced with shifting priorities, police forces may lack the research capacity to evaluate existing policies. Most police officers and supervisors don’t often read academic research that could point them to current evidence-based practices.
Collaborating with independent researchers provides access to needed skills and may bolster public trust and perceived legitimacy of their work and efforts.
Academics who forgo working with police are losing out on opportunities for critical data access and effective knowledge mobilization. Researchers who seek to understand and evaluate policing practice need access to large-scale, timely and highly sensitive data on police operations.
Furthermore, if police participate in designing studies and interpreting findings, they may more readily acknowledge the need for change in light of unfavourable results – or adopt new practices that show positive effects.
Intimate partner violence
Academics who actively exclude the very people they seek to influence by their research are unlikely to be successful in that goal. Fortunately, many scholars now see co-operation and collaboration as the best way to conduct research in criminal justice.
Intimate partner violence is one priority area that has seen the benefits of police-academic partnership. Beginning in the 1980s, researchers collaborated with police organizations to evaluate the effects of arrest for domestic assault in the United States and Canada.
We have been part of such partnerships over the course of our respective careers, from the creation of the first actuarial risk assessment tool for intimate partner violence to the testing of that tool in routine police practice.
Studies showed that arrest reduced subsequent violence, but the impact varied according to an individual’s history of violence and other risk factors. More recently, an academic team initiated a partnership with police and other services to conduct research with the shared goal of preventing intimate partner homicide.
We have been part of such partnerships over the course of our respective careers, from the creation of the first actuarial risk assessment tool for intimate partner violence to the testing of that tool in routine police practice.
Our current collaborators include researchers who have studied how officers use such tools and assess risk when responding to violent and non-violent incidents involving intimate partners.
Coercive control
Recognition of non-physically violent but coercive and controlling forms of abuse has grown rapidly in recent years, especially with the increase in coercive control incidents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Coercive control involves repeated, systematic acts of isolation, intimidation and violation that undermine the partner and trap them in the abusive relationship. It’s a pattern of behaviour over time, making it challenging for police to identify because officers’ conventional understanding of intimate partner violence focus on overt acts of violence.
Researchers and activists have urged governments to make changes in how the criminal justice system responds to intimate partner violence in order to reflect coercive control.
Coercive control is considered a risk factor for intimate partner femicide, and is believed to have played a role in the apparent murder of a four-year-old Toronto girl, Keira Kagan, by her father in 2020.
Researchers and activists have urged governments to make changes in how the criminal justice system responds to intimate partner violence in order to reflect coercive control. Coercive control is now outlawed in the United Kingdom and Australia, and similar legislation has been passed or considered in several American states.
In Canada, Bill C-332 seeks to criminalize coercive control, and the justice minister recently expressed the Government’s openness to creating a new offence in the Criminal Code. Keira’s Law, which passed the Senate on 17 August 2023, is set to mandate coercive control training for judges.
How best to address coercive control?
But research suggests that criminalizing coercive control is fraught with challenges, including potential racial bias and the difficulty of defining, detecting and documenting the behaviour.
Police-academic partnerships can help answer crucial questions, including how police officers investigate coercive control, what the most effectual training methods are and whether policies are effective and equitable when implemented.
We are now collaborating with police to identify a common language for intimate partner violence risk appraisal.
We are now collaborating with police to identify a common language for intimate partner violence risk appraisal. The CELIA IPV project for intimate partner violence research is studying how police can recognize and respond to non-physical, coercive and controlling behaviours.
An expressed goal of our collaboration is to expand formal partnerships between researchers with expertise in intimate partner violence and policing services across Canada and to address research gaps in evidence-based policing for intimate partner violence.
We have so far established partnerships with the Edmonton Police Service, the Ontario Provincial Police and the Saint John Police Force in New Brunswick.
Evidence-based policing
We’ll also examine risk-assessment approaches for people engaging in intimate partner violence across diverse gender and sexual identities, extending our partnerships and enhancing the potential for improving evidence-based policing whenever officers respond to a domestic call.
Police-academic partnerships are not just about the academic search for knowledge, and not just about the evaluation of policing practice.
They are about the creation of relationships with the potential to transform how each partner understands and interacts with the other. Collaboration is the essence of knowledge mobilization and will be fundamental to the success of anti-coercive control legislation.
This article first appeared on The Conversation, and is republished under a Creative Commons Licence; you can read the original here.
About the Authors
Dr N Zoe Hilton is a Professor of Psychiatry in the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, and the Senior Research Scientist at Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care in Penetanguishene, Canada. Her research program focuses on intimate partner violence, risk assessment, and risk communication, and in 2021 she authored the book Domestic Violence Risk Assessment (2nd edition). Dr Hilton is also a registered psychologist; prior to her current role, she provided and supervised psychological services in Waypoint’s forensic division. Working in an applied setting, she seeks to conduct research that has direct implications for forensic mental health, policing, and correctional practice.
Dr Sandy Jung is a Professor in the Department of Psychology and Associate Dean, Research at MacEwan University. Her research program focuses on the prevention of sexual assault, child sexual exploitation and intimate partner violence and is funded by both internal and major external grants. She has numerous peer-reviewed publications in the field of forensic psychology, often co-authored with her students and her collaborators in law enforcement, forensic mental health and other academic institutions in Canada, the US and other parts of the world. Prior to her current academic position, Dr Jung was a forensic psychologist at a forensic outpatient clinic in Edmonton.
Picture © SB Arts Media / iStock
