OPINION: A series of high-profile cases in the UK have highlighted issues around the disproportionate use of force and stop and search, and the impact on confidence in policing among many in black communities; Dr Clare Torrible, Senior Law Lecturer at the University of Bristol, believes a recent Court of Appeal ruling around reasonable use of force by officers could be crucial in restoring that confidence.

OPINION: Recent reforms to the police complaints and discipline system in England and Wales have emphasised lesson-learning rather than discipline; University of Bristol Law Lecturer Dr Claire Torrible argues that as a result of the changes, police professional standards departments now have greater autonomy but less accountability.